401(k) contribution limits for 2025 | What is the max to save?

A 401(k) is a common type of retirement account in which you contribute savings from your paycheck before you pay income tax. Most commonly, employers sponsor an employee’s 401(k). However, sole proprietors, independent professionals, and other small business owners without employees except a spouse may qualify for a self-employed (solo) 401(k). 

Each year, participants can save up to the max 401(k) contribution established by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The IRS typically increases contributions for 401(k) and other types of defined contribution plans each year. Here’s what you need to know.

401(k) contribution limits

Below are the updated contribution limits for 401(k), 403(b), 457, and profit-sharing plans:

401(k) catch-up contributions limits

Employees with a 401(k), 403(b), or 457 account and 50 years or older can contribute additional funds annually to their plans. Known as catch-up contributions, these also have annual contribution limits and are meant to help individuals nearing retirement age increase the total value of their retirement accounts.

If you’ll be 50 or older anytime this calendar year, you’re eligible to contribute an extra $7,500, bringing your total annual contribution limit to $31,000. Additionally, there's an exciting change in 2025, thanks to provisions from SECURE Act 2.0: Individuals aged 60 to 63 (but not older than 64) in calendar year 2025 can make even higher catch-up contributions, up to $11,250.

Taking maximum salary deferral and catch-up contributions into account, a qualified individual between the ages of 60 and 63 can contribute a total amount of $34,750 to a 401(k) and 403(b) plan in 2025 ($30,500 in 2024).

Employer contribution limits

Many employers match a percentage of their workers’ 401(k) contributions as a valuable employee benefit. Most employers match a portion of their employee’s contributions. In fact, 75% of all Human Interest plans offer an employer match, according to Human Interest data from January 2022. 

There are several employer match formulas, but most 401(k) match programs usually use a percentage of an employee’s own contributions or a percentage of the employee’s salary to calculate the total possible match. Of the Human Interest plans that offer a match, 42% offer $1.00 per dollar on the first 4% to their employees.

Does my employer’s 401(k) match count toward my maximum contribution?

To put it simply, the answer is “no.” An employer matching contribution does not count towards the maximum contribution limit amount. However, the IRS does limit total contribution to a 401(k) from both the employer and the employee—which means total contributions can't exceed either: 

• 100% of an employee's salary, or 

• The limit for defined contributions plans as outlined in section 415(c)(1)(A) is $70,000 in 2025 (up from $69,000 in 2024)

Workers 50 years and older are still eligible for a $7,500 catch-up contribution and can have a maximum of $77,500 in employer and employee contributions, including catch-up contributions in 2025 (76,500 in 2024).

In addition, there's an exciting change in 2025: Individuals aged 60 to 63 in the calendar year 2025, are able to make even higher catch-up contributions, up to $11,250. They can have a maximum of $81,250 in employer and employee contributions, including catch-up contributions in 2025.

Solo 401(k) limits

If you’re self-employed, you may fund your plan through financial institutions that offer solo 401(k) accounts. Called a one-participant 401(k) by the IRS, these plans have the same rules and requirements as a traditional 401(k) plan and cover a business owner with no employees (other than a spouse working for the business). 

The main difference in one-participant plans is that, as a business owner, you wear two hats— employee and employer—meaning contributions can be made in both capacities: 

• Elective deferrals up to 100% of compensation (“earned income” in the case of a self-employed individual—see below) within annual contribution rates:

  • $23,500 in 2025, or $31,000 if age 50 or over, or $34,750 if age 60-63.

  • $23,000 in 2024, or $30,500 if age 50 or over; plus

• Employer contributions up to:

  • 25% of compensation as defined by the plan.

How solo 401(k) contribution limits work

If you’re self-employed, you must calculate the maximum amount of elective deferrals and nonelective contributions you can make. When figuring out your contribution, your compensation is your “earned income,” or, your net earnings from self-employment after deducting both:

• Deductible employer contributions for yourself

• One-half of your self-employment tax

Keep in mind that self-employed individuals must often pay the employer costs associated with 401(k) plans, typically including a one-time start-up fee, as well as a monthly account maintenance fee. You might also pay fees on the specific investments you purchase with your 401(k) funds (although some plans have these incorporated into their fee structures). 

For more information, refer to the IRS table and worksheets found in Publication 560, Retirement Plans for Small Business.

Traditional (pretax) vs. Roth 401(k) deferrals

Most 401(k) plans sponsored by an employer offer both traditional (pretax) and Roth deferral options. These accounts differ in how the account owner pays taxes—although contribution limits are the same.

• In a pretax 401(k) account, deferral contributions are made to the plan before taxes are withheld and you are subject to income tax when funds are withdrawn.

• In a Roth account, deferral contributions are made to the plan after taxes are withheld. Your Roth contributions are always tax-free and earnings may be tax-free if you meet certain requirements.

In other words, for Roth contributions, the money for your retirement comes out of your paycheck after you pay income taxes on those funds, not before. However, you enjoy a deferred tax benefit because you can withdraw the money in retirement without paying income tax (if certain requirements are met).

Think about when your tax burden will likely peak to determine whether a traditional or Roth 401(k) account is most appropriate for your needs. If you have not been working for very long, you will probably be in a higher tax bracket when you retire and may want to consider investing in a Roth 401(k) account.

If you are near the apex of your career, a pretax 401(k) account may be a better choice because you will likely land in a lower tax bracket after you retire. You may also want to opt for a pretax 401(k) if you like the idea of getting your tax payments out of the way long before you retire. Want the flexibility of tax diversification? You can even divide your maximum 401(k) contributions between traditional and Roth accounts each year to help optimize your tax advantages.

Benefits of contributing to your 401(k) plan

401(k) account contributions provide a double tax advantage for taxpayers. Individuals can direct pre-tax funds from their paycheck into their 401(k), reducing the amount of their income subject to income taxes for the year. In addition, any earnings from 401(k) account contributions are also tax-deferred. 

Individuals must pay income taxes on funds taken out of 401(k) accounts when withdrawn, typically during retirement. However, many find their income is lower during retirement than it was while working, placing them in a lower tax bracket. 

How do the immediate tax savings work with my 401(k) account?

Let’s look at a quick example to illustrate the benefits of contributing to a 401(k) plan. Jenae earns $100,000. She’s 27 years old, single, has no dependents, and will take the standard deduction of $14,600 for 2024.*

In this example below, we’ll estimate Jenae’s federal tax amount by comparing what would happen if she made zero contributions to her 401(k) plan versus the maximum ($23,000) contribution amount.

The immediate tax benefit of contributing the maximum amount allowed is an estimated $5,060 in tax savings for Jenae.

Other IRS retirement account changes for 2025

In addition to contribution increases to 457, 403(b), and 401(k) plans, the IRS has additional 2025 updates:

• SIMPLE retirement plan contribution limits increased to $16,500 in 2025 (up from $16,000 in 2024).

• Traditional and Roth IRA contribution limits remain at $7,000 in 2025 ($7,000 in 2024); traditional and Roth IRA catch-up contribution limits remain at $1,000.

• Income ranges for determining eligibility to make deductible contributions to traditional IRAs, to contribute to Roth IRAs, and to claim the Saver's Credit all were raised for 2025.

Why does the IRS impose contribution limits?

Contributions to 401(k) plans made using pretax dollars provide significant tax benefits. This means you don’t have to pay federal income tax for contributions up to the annual contribution limit, which lowers your taxable income. And because earnings in a pretax 401(k) account are on a tax-deferred basis, earnings in your account are not subject to tax until you withdraw your funds.

Because of the substantial tax benefits offered by 401(k) retirement plans, the IRS ensures that plans do not unfairly benefit key and highly compensated employees. To ensure a 401(k) plan is structured fairly and not favoring specific employees, all 401(k) plans must pass a set of annual compliance tests.

401(k) plans designed for small business employees

Getting started with investing may seem intimidating, but it doesn’t have to be. Your 401(k) is a tool to help you save for retirement—and this guide is designed to help you think about long-term investments.

Human Interest offers flexible, customized plans designed to help employees invest for retirement. If you want to set up or switch to a 401(k) plan focused on the needs of small and medium-sized businesses, let your company know about Human Interest.