Pre-tax vs. Roth contributions
Understanding the differences between the two can help influence how you save.
Understand different deferral types
The main difference between traditional (pre-tax) and Roth (post-tax) deferrals is the way they’re taxed.
Traditional 401(k) deferrals (pre-tax)
Pre-tax contributions are made to your 401(k) account before federal and state taxes are taken out.
Contributions are often set at a percentage of an individual’s salary but can be a predetermined dollar or percentage if your plan allows.
Pre-tax deferrals delay income tax until distribution, meaning you pay taxes on the deferral and earnings when your funds are withdrawn.
Roth 401(k) deferrals (post-tax)
Roth contributions are made on an after-tax basis (also known as a post-tax deduction), meaning the total amount you contribute is deducted after federal and state taxes have been taken out.
Because you already paid taxes on your Roth deferral, it’s not subject to income taxation when withdrawn.
However, earnings on your Roth contributions may be subject to taxes if you do not meet certain requirements.
What should you decide?
Consider your current vs. future tax brackets, if you'll need the money before retirement, and more.
Three questions to ask
These questions can help guide your thinking on whether you should contribute pre-tax or post-tax deferrals to your 401(k).
1. Will I be in a higher tax bracket today, or when I retire?
Today (generally, high earners and older workers): Consider pre-tax deferrals
When I retire (generally, low earners and younger people): Consider post-tax deferrals
2. Is there a chance I’ll need to withdraw before age 59 ½?
Yes: Consider post-tax deferrals
No: Consider pre-tax deferrals
3. Is there a time (before retirement) when I’ll be making less than I am now?
Yes: Consider pre-tax deferrals
No: Consider post-tax deferrals
How to decide between Roth and pre-tax deferrals
Put your money to work
At Human Interest, you can choose pre-tax or Roth contributions—or do a combination of both.
Article By
Claudia NewmanClaudia Newman manages the Retirement Education team that helps onboard employees to their Human Interest plan and explains the benefits of a 401(k) plan by offering live training. She has been working in the 401(k) and retirement plan industry in several capacities, including relationship management, sales, and back-office support since 2010.
